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2010年需求小有回升—西班牙光伏市场何时能再现当年勇
SHINE光能杂志 刘珊珊
本文未经许可严禁转载
西班牙的光伏补贴政策一直牵动着全球投资者的神经。最近西班牙工业部表示，目前有907个光伏安装项目利用大赦政策，同意接受一个较低的上网电价补贴以使他们免除欺诈调查。Shine中国光伏杂志未经许可严禁转载
西班牙光伏发电市场的发展可谓是惊心动魄，起伏跌宕。2006年装机容量仅为88MW，而由于西班牙对光伏产业的“慷慨”补贴，2008年装机总量飙升到2.3GW，甚至超过了德国一跃成为世界第一，使其在2008年成为这一产业的领导者，但同时也给电力公司带来数十亿欧元的债务，在2009年这些债务已经累积高达65亿欧元。随着经济危机的到来和一批批不符合质量要求太阳能电站不断涌现，西班牙政府开始意识到他们渴望的绿色能源的美梦可能无法实现，开始悬崖勒马，紧急地出台了新的政策，将上网电价补贴减少到0.32欧元/kWh,同时限建太阳能电站，以遏制光伏电站爆发式的增长。终于，西班牙人的太阳能泡沫碎了，工厂倒闭，工人失业，2009年安装量下降了95%，仅为150MW。
由于电站建设腐败问题严重，甚至出现用假组件骗补贴的现象，西班牙工业部长颁布了一道国家部长级议会法案，该法案即光伏诈骗法令。在该法令下约800MW的户外光伏电厂将被调查，调查的内容是这些电厂涉及非法取得截止于2008年9月28日的高额补助。也就是说，超过1/4的户外安装光伏工厂将被调查。这些皇家法案由国家能源委员会签发，任务是在45天内调查电厂的运行商。调查将包括客户档案，购买组件，逆变器及其他系统组件的的发票时间及序列号。另外还有其他的能证明电厂可以在注册截止时间内正常运转的文件。任何被调查出违背法规的组织将必须退还自2008年9月以后获得的补助，并且还要附上利息。如果这些电厂建设者想重新申请光伏补助，那么他们必须排号等待，并且至少要等到三年后新的FIT政策颁布。而且这些电厂也将会有一个专门的注册渠道。
在这之后，西班牙产业，观光，交易部宣布，计划将落地式太阳能电池厂的补贴额调降45%，大型屋顶太阳能系统厂的补贴额调降25%，而小型屋顶太阳能系统厂的补贴额则将调降5%。并表示，将限制2008年9月底前兴建的太阳能厂房获得补贴的期限，最多为25年。据报道，西班牙政府与太阳能厂商曾拟定了一项协议，将以不会危及可再生能源产业发展的方式来削减对业者的补贴并控制电价。在未来3年间政府对已经开始运转的太阳能电厂补贴将减10-15%，不过补贴年限将另外延长3年以为补偿。
一波三折的可再生能源政策变化和FiT政策变化的不确定性，使西班牙太阳能从业者和投资商怨声载道，西班牙的政府公信力也在此次危机中的受到了严峻的考验。所以西班牙政府同意那些自愿放弃原先的高额补贴的电站将可免于欺诈调查，这可以看作西班牙政府和光伏电站双方妥协的一个折中方法。到目前为止，这些自愿放弃原先的高额补贴以免除欺诈调查的光伏项目的总额达64.5MW，远远高于西班牙太阳能行业协会预期的水平。另外还有7个安装系统的申请正在处理中。工业部表示，大赦协议将为消费者每年节省约1千700万欧元的补贴，或在协议实施后的25年内节省总额4亿3000万欧元。Shine中国光伏先驱
同意大赦方案的公司自愿同意放弃皇家法令661/2007中的权利，取而代之的是有较低补贴的皇家1578/2008法令。这些光伏电站将接受0.32欧元/kWh的补贴，而在协议生效之前为0.46欧元/kWh。毕竟对大部分公司来说，似乎更换补贴方案比总去法庭要好得多。申请新补贴的电站将经过一个严格认证过程之后，将收到国家能源委员会的鉴定合格证书，而那些不合格的电站将不允许在补贴系统中销售电力。Shine中国光伏杂志
据报道，政府还计划削减对电站的补贴，因为它们试图减少其正在增加的“资费亏空”—在公用事业从电力销售中得到的和提供给电站补贴间的国家资助缺口。实施削减计划最有可能的方案是限制那些接受正常补贴的电站的运营时间。不同于西班牙的风电行业，太阳能光伏协会强烈反对自愿削减补贴的行为，并坚持认为这样的削减政策将会打击投资者的信心。Shine光能杂志
在同一时间，西班牙政府宣布其第四季新的光伏招标（在削减补贴之后）已达4528项，共计3.376GW。工业部长表示，“这样高量的申请证明政府对光伏产业的改革建议对开发商来说仍然非常具有吸引力。”
西班牙电力市场的需求从2008年到2009年底一直下降，但在2010年又有小幅回升，这是否表明西班牙光伏产业将逐步恢复？西班牙光伏产业联合会表示，“2009年，西班牙光伏产业有将近3万人失业，2010年的情况更糟，只有在海外有业务发展的企业能够生存下来。”到目前为止，甚至到明年年底，尚没有迹象表明政府将对今后的光伏产业发展做出新的计划。所以笔者认为，在2012年大选结束之前，不要期待政府能出台任何实质性的措施。
笼罩在西班牙光伏行业上空的阴云并未走远
图：西班牙Calasparra光伏电站
Demand Has a Slight Increase in 2010—When will the Sunshine Again on Solar Energy in Spain?
Sunny Liu
Spain’s photovoltaic policy has always attracted investors’ attention. Recently, Spain’s Ministry of Industry says 907 solar PV installations are taking advantage of an amnesty, which exempts them from fraud investigations in return for agreeing to a lower feed-in tariff.
Spanish photovoltaic market development can be described as breathtaking. In 2006, the installed capacity is only 88MW, while due to the ‘generous’ subsidies from the government, the total installed capacity of 2008 soared to 2.3GW, even more than German became the first in the world, but also brought billions of euros of debt to the power companies, in 2009, the debt has accumulated up to 6.5 billion euros. With the advent of economic crisis and numbers of solar power plants which do not meet the quality requirements, the Spanish government began to realize their dream of green energy could not achieve, so they pull back before it is too late, urgently introduced a new policy, reduced the FiT to 0.32 euro/kWh, and limited the construction of solar power plant, to curb the explosive growth of photovoltaic power plants. Finally, the Spaniards broke the bubble of solar energy, factories closured, employees lost their jobs, installed capacity in 2009 decreased by 95%, only 150MW.
Due to the serious corruption problems during the construction of the solar power plants, even there are fake modules which applied for the subsidies, therefore, Spain’s Ministry of Industry has presented a decree to the country’s Council of Ministers against the so-called “Fraude Fotovoltaico” or “photovoltaic fraud.” Under the decree, around 800 megawatts of installed outdoor photovoltaics plants suspected of having swindled the high remuneration of the feed-in tariff specified in the Real Decreto (RD) 661/2007 prior to September 28, 2008, will be examined. Consequently, over a quarter of installed outdoor plants will be the subject of future investigations. The royal decree has assigned the National Energy Commission with the task of approaching the respective plant operators within 45 days. The inspection will include customs documents, time-dated invoices with series data on the purchase of modules, inverters and other system components, in addition to other documents that prove the plants functioned properly at the time of final registration. Anyone who is guilty of irregularities will have to pay back any remuneration received since September 2008 - along with interest - and will only be allowed to sell electricity at the market price. If the plant operator wants to return to the remuneration system, he must take a seat at the back of the award placement rounds and wait up to three years for a new feed-in permit. Additionally, these plants will be entered into a special public register.
Afterwards, Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade announced that the government was planning to cut photovoltaic premiums by 45 percent for new ground-based installations and up to 25 percent for new roof-mounted plants, while those on small roofs will be cut by 5 percent. According to report, the Spanish government and solar power producers almost reached an agreement on reducing subsidies to the industry before officials suspended talks to assess savings from a clampdown on fraud. A draft agreement forming the basis of the talks said subsidies for plants already operating would be lowered by 5 percent to 15 percent over the next three years, compensated by extra years of payments.
Twists and turns of renewable energy policy changes and uncertainty FiT policy changes, made the complaints from the solar industry and investors were heard everywhere, credibility of the government in this crisis was also through a severe test. Therefore, the government agreed that those solar power plants which will voluntarily abandon the previous high subsidies can exempt from fraud investigations in return. This can be seen as a compromise method for both the Spanish government and the photovoltaic power plants. So far, the installations have a capacity of 64.5MW, a far higher level than that expected by Spanish solar industry associations. Applications from a further seven installations are being processed. The ministry says the amnesty deal will save consumers about
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